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This book presents chapters by many eminent researchers and
interventionists, all of whom address the development of deaf and
hard-of-hearing children in the context of family and school. A
variety of disciplines and perspectives are provided in order to
capture the complexity of factors affecting development of these
children in their diverse environments. Consistent with current
theory and educational practice, the book focuses most strongly on
the interaction of family and child strengths and needs and the
role of educational and other interventionists in supporting family
and child growth. This work, and the authors represented in it,
have been influenced by the seminal work of Kathryn P.
Meadow-Orlans, whose work continues to apply a multidisciplinary,
developmental approach to understanding the development of deaf
children.
This edited volume picks up where "Psychological Perspectives on
Deafness, Volume 1" ended. Composed of review chapters that reflect
cutting-edge views from well-known international researchers within
the field, this book surveys issues within the field of deafness,
such as cognition, learning disabilities, social development,
language development, and psychopathology. It also highlights the
many new and exciting findings currently emerging from researchers
across a variety of disciplines--psychology, education,
linguistics, and child development. The chapters will engage,
challenge, and lead the field on to productive empirical and
theoretical work relating to the broad range of questions which
concern the psychological perspectives on deafness.
This volume presents the latest research from internationally recognized researchers and practitioners on language, literacy and numeracy, cognition, and social and emotional development of deaf learners. In their contributions, authors sketch the backgrounds and contexts of their research, take interdisciplinary perspectives in merging their own research results with outcomes of relevant research of others, and examine the consequences and future directions for teachers and teaching. Focusing on the topic of transforming state-of-the-art research into teaching practices in deaf education, the volume addresses how we can improve outcomes of deaf education through professional development of teachers, the construction and implementation of evidence-based teaching practices, and consideration of "the whole child," thus emphasizing the importance of integrative, interdisciplinary approaches.
Co-enrollment programming in deaf education refers to classrooms in which a critical mass of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students is included in a classroom containing mainly hearing students and which is taught by both a mainstream teacher and a teacher of the deaf. It thus offers full access to both DHH and hearing students in the classroom through "co-teaching" and avoids academic segregation of DHH students, as well as their integration into classes with hearing students without appropriate support services or modification of instructional methods and materials. Co-enrollment thus seeks to give DHH learners the best of both (mainstream and separate) educational worlds. Described as a "bright light on the educational horizon," co-enrollment programming provides unique educational opportunities and educational access for DHH learners comparable to that of their hearing peers. Co-enrollment programming shows great promise. However, research concerning co-enrollment programming for DHH learners is still in its infancy. This volume sheds light on this potentially groundbreaking method of education, providing descriptions of 14 co-enrollment programs from around the world, explaining their origins, functioning, and available outcomes. Set in the larger context of what we know and what we don't know about educating DHH learners, the volume offers readers a vision of a brighter future in deaf education for DHH children, their parents, and their communities.
Debates about methods of supporting language development and
academic skills of deaf or hard-of-hearing children have waxed and
waned for more than 100 years: Will using sign language interfere
with learning to use spoken language or does it offer optimal
access to communication for deaf children? Does placement in
classrooms with mostly hearing children enhance or impede academic
and social-emotional development? Will cochlear implants or other
assistive listening devices provide deaf children with sufficient
input for age-appropriate reading abilities? Are traditional
methods of classroom teaching effective for deaf and
hard-of-hearing students?
The relationship of language to cognition, especially in
development, is an issue that has occupied philosophers,
psychologists, and linguists for centuries. In recent years, the
scientific study of sign languages and deaf individuals has greatly
enhanced our understanding of deafness, language, and cognition.
This Counterpoints volume considers the extent to which the use of
sign language might affect the course and character of cognitive
development, and presents a variety of viewpoints in this
debate.
Deaf children are not hearing children who can't hear. Beyond any specific effects of hearing loss, as a group they are far more diverse than hearing peers. Lack of full access to language, incidental learning, and social interactions as well as the possibility of secondary disabilities means that deaf learners face a variety of challenges in academic domains. Technological innovations such as digital hearing aids and cochlear implants have improved hearing and the possibility of spoken language for many deaf learners, but parents, teachers, and other professionals are just now coming to recognize that there are cognitive, experiential, and social-emotional differences between deaf and hearing students likely to affect academic outcomes. Sign languages and schools and programs for deaf learners thus remain an important part of the continuum of services needed for this diverse population. Understanding such diversity and determining ways in which to accommodate them must become a top priority in educating deaf learners. Through the participation of an international, interdisciplinary set of scholars, Diversity in Deaf Education takes a broad view of learning and academic progress, considering "the whole child" in the context of the families, languages, educational settings in which they are immersed. In adopting this perspective, the complexities and commonalities in the social, emotional, cognitive, and linguistic mosaic of which the deaf child is a part, are captured. It is only through such a holistic consideration of diverse children developing within diverse settings that we can understand their academic potentials.
Education in general, and education for deaf learners in particular, has gone through significant changes over the past three decades. And change certainly will be the buzzword in the foreseeable future. The rapid growth of information and communication technology as well as progress in educational, psychological, and allied research fields have many scholars questioning aspects of traditional school concepts. For example, should the classroom be "flipped" so that students receive instruction online at home and do "homework" in school? At the same time, inclusive education has changed the traditional landscape of special education and thus of deaf education in many if not all countries, and yet deaf children continued to lag significantly behind hearing peers in academic achievement. As a consequence of technological innovations (e.g., digital hearing aids and early bilateral cochlear implants), the needs of many deaf learners have changed considerably. Parents and professionals, however, are just now coming to recognize that there are cognitive, experiential, and social-emotional differences between deaf and hearing students likely to affect academic outcomes. Understanding such differences and determining ways in which to accommodate them through global cooperation must become a top priority in educating deaf learners. Through the participation of an international, interdisciplinary set of scholars, Educating Deaf Learners takes a broader view of learning and academic achievement than any previous work, considering the whole child. In adopting this broad perspective, the authors capture the complexities and commonalities in the social, emotional, cognitive, and linguistic mosaic of which the deaf child is a part. It is only through such a holistic consideration that we can understand their academic potential.
In Bilingualism and Bilingual Deaf Education, volume editors Marc Marschark, Gladys Tang, and Harry Knoors bring together diverse issues and evidence in two related domains: bilingualism among deaf learners - in sign language and the written/spoken vernacular - and bilingual deaf education. The volume examines each issue with regard to language acquisition, language functioning, social-emotional functioning, and academic outcomes. It considers bilingualism and bilingual deaf education within the contexts of mainstream education of deaf and hard-of-hearing students in regular schools, placement in special schools and programs for the deaf, and co-enrollment programs, which are designed to give deaf students the best of both educational worlds. The volume offers both literature reviews and new findings across disciplines from neuropsychology to child development and from linguistics to cognitive psychology. With a focus on evidence-based practice, contributors consider recent investigations into bilingualism and bilingual programming in different educational contexts and in different countries that may have different models of using spoken and signed languages as well as different cultural expectations. The 18 chapters establish shared understandings of what are meant by "bilingualism," "bilingual education," and "co-enrollment programming," examine their foundations and outcomes, and chart directions for future research in this multidisciplinary area. Chapters are divided into three sections: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Social Foundations; Education and Bilingual Education; and Co-Enrollment Settings. Chapters in each section pay particular attention to causal and outcome factors related to the acquisition and use of these two languages by deaf learners of different ages. The impact of bilingualism and bilingual deaf education in these domains is considered through quantitative and qualitative investigations, bringing into focus not only common educational, psychological, and linguistic variables, but also expectations and reactions of the stakeholders in bilingual programming: parents, teachers, schools, and the deaf and hearing students themselves.
The field of deaf studies, language, and education has grown dramatically over the past forty years. From work on the linguistics of sign language and parent-child interactions to analyses of school placement and the the mapping of brain function in deaf individuals, research across a range of disciplines has greatly expanded not just our knowledge of deafness and the deaf, but also the very origins of language, social interaction, and thinking. In this updated edition of the landmark original volume, a range of international experts present a comprehensive overview of the field of deaf studies, language, and education. Written for students, practitioners, and researchers, The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Volume 1, is a uniquely ambitious work that has altered both the theoretical and applied landscapes. Pairing practical information with detailed analyses of what works, why, and for whom-all while banishing the paternalism that once dogged the field-this first of two volumes features specially-commissioned, updated essays on topics including: language and language development, hearing and speech perception, education, literacy, cognition, and the complex cultural, social, and psychological issues associated with deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. The range of these topics shows the current state of research and identifies the opportunites and challenges that lie ahead. Combining historical background, research, and strategies for teaching and service provision, the two-volume Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education stands as the benchmark reference work in the field of deaf studies.
The use of sign language has a long history. Indeed, humans' first
languages may have been expressed through sign. Sign languages have
been found around the world, even in communities without access to
formal education. In addition to serving as a primary means of
communication for Deaf communities, sign languages have become one
of hearing students' most popular choices for second-language
study. Sign languages are now accepted as complex and complete
languages that are the linguistic equals of spoken languages.
Sign-language research is a relatively young field, having begun
fewer than 50 years ago. Since then, interest in the field has
blossomed and research has become much more rigorous as demand for
empirically verifiable results have increased. In the same way that
cross-linguistic research has led to a better understanding of how
language affects development, cross-modal research has led to a
better understanding of how language is acquired. It has also
provided valuable evidence on the cognitive and social development
of both deaf and hearing children, excellent theoretical insights
into how the human brain acquires and structures sign and spoken
languages, and important information on how to promote the
development of deaf children. This volume brings together the
leading scholars on the acquisition and development of sign
languages to present the latest theory and research on these
topics. They address theoretical as well as applied questions and
provide cogent summaries of what is known about early gestural
development, interactive processes adapted to visual communication,
linguisic structures, modality effects, and semantic, syntactic,
and pragmatic development in sign.
Throughout history there have been efforts to help deaf children
develop spoken language through which they could have full access
to the hearing world. These efforts, although pursued seriously and
with great care, frequently proved fruitless, and often only
resulted in passionate arguments over the efficacy of particular
approaches. Although some deaf children did develop spoken
language, there was little evidence to suggest that this
development had been facilitated by any particular education
approach, and moreover, many, even most deaf children--especially
those with profound loss--never develop spoken language at all.
Recent technological advances, however, have led to more positive
expectations for deaf children's acquisition of spoken language:
Innovative testing procedures for hearing allow for early
identification of loss that leads to intervention services during
the first weeks and months of life. Programmable hearing aids allow
more children to make use of residual hearing abilities. Children
with the most profound losses are able to reap greater benefits
from cochlear-implant technologies. At the same time, there have
been great advances in research into the processes of deaf
children's language development and the outcomes they experience.
As a result, we are, for the first time, accruing a sufficient base
of evidence and information to allow reliable predictions about
children's progress that will, in turn, lead to further advances.
The contributors to this volume are recognized leaders in this
research, and here they present the latest information on both the
new world evolving for deaf and hard-of-hearing children and the
improved expectations for their acquisition ofspoken language.
Chapters cover topics such as the significance of early
vocalizations, the uses and potential of technological advances,
and the cognitive processes related to spoken language. The
contributors provide objective information from children in a
variety of programming: using signs; using speech only; using cued
speech, and cutting-edge information on the language development of
children using cochlear implants and the innovations in service
provision.
More the 1.46 million people in the United States have hearing losses in sufficient severity to be considered deaf; another 21 million people have other hearing impairments. For many deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals, sign language and voice interpreting is essential to their participation in educational programs and their access to public and private services. However, there is less than half the number of interpreters needed to meet the demand, interpreting quality is often variable, and there is a considerable lack of knowledge of factors that contribute to successful interpreting. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that a study by the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) found that 70% of the deaf individuals are dissatisfied with interpreting quality. Because recent legislation in the United States and elsewhere has mandated access to educational, employment, and other contexts for deaf individuals and others with hearing disabilities, there is an increasing need for quality sign language interpreting. It is in education, however, that the need is most pressing, particularly because more than 75% of deaf students now attend regular schools (rather than schools for the deaf), where teachers and classmates are unable to sign for themselves. In the more than 100 interpreter training programs in the U.S. alone, there are a variety of educational models, but little empirical information on how to evaluate them or determine their appropriateness in different interpreting and interpreter education-covering what we know, what we do not know, and what we should know. Several volumes have covered interpreting and interpreter education, there are even some published dissertations thathave included a single research study, and a few books have attempted to offer methods for professional interpreters or interpreter educators with nods to existing research. This is the first volume that synthesizes existing work and provides a coherent picture of the field as a whole, including evaluation of the extent to which current practices are supported by validating research. It will be the first comprehensive source, suitable as both a reference book and a textbook for interpreter training programs and a variety of courses on bilingual education, psycholinguistics and translation, and cross-linguistic studies.
The relationship of language to cognition, especially in development, is an issue that has occupied philosophers, psychologists, and linguists for centuries. In recent years, the scientific study of signed languages and deaf individuals has greatly enhanced our understanding of deafness, language, and cognition. This Counterpoints volume will consider the extent to which the use of sign language might affect the course and character of cognitive development, and will present a variety of viewpoints in this debate.
The majority of young deaf children, especially those with non-signing parents, are reared in language-impoverished environments. This can cause their social and cognitive development to differ markedly from hearing children. The Psychological Development of Deaf Children details those potential differences, paying special attention to how the psychological development of deaf children is affected by their interpersonal communication with parents, peers, and teachers. This careful and balanced consideration of existing evidence and research provides a new psychological perspective on deaf children and deafness.
In past studies of the effect of environment and social settings upon the cognitive development of deaf children, results frequently were confounded by conflicting conclusions related to the participants' varying degrees of hearing loss. Context, Cognition, and Deafness: An Introduction takes an interdisciplinary approach that clarifies these disparate findings by analyzing many methodologies. Editors M. Diane Clark, Marc Marschark, and Michael Karchmer, widely respected scholars in their own right, have assembled work by a varying cast of renowned researchers to elucidate the effects of family, peers, and schools on deaf children. To integrate the often contrasting approaches of clinical and cultural researchers, this sharply focused volume has called upon experts in anthropology, psychology, linguistics, basic visual sensory processes, education, cognition, and neurophysiology to share complementary observations. One of William C. Stokoe's last contributions, "Deafness, Cognition, and Language" leads fluidly into Jeffery P. Braden's analysis of clinical assessments of deaf people's cognitive abilities. Margaret Wilson expands on the impact of sign language expertise on visual perception. Context, Cognition, and Deafness also shows that theory can intersect practice, as displayed by editor Marschark and Jennifer Lukomski in their research on literacy, cognition, and education. Amy R. Lederberg and Patricia E. Spencer have combined sequential designs in their study of vocabulary learning. Ethan Remmel, Jeffrey Bettgen, and Amy Weinberg explore the theory of mind development. The emotional development of deaf children also receives detailed consideration by Colin D. Gray, Judith A.Hosie, Phil A. Russell, and Ellen Ormel. Kathryn P. Meadow-Orlans delineates her perspective on the coming of age of deaf children in relation to their education and development. Marschark concludes with insightful impressions on the future of theory and application, an appropriate close to this exceptional, coherent volume.
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